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protect ecosystem conservation resources ...

The exploitation of marine living resources in Antarctica fisheries has been characterized by intense and sporadic, resulting in many cases a drastic decrease in stocks (as in the case of fur seals and elephant seals in the nineteenth century and whales and fish in the twentieth century) (see section 1.2).

mid-seventies he began to understand that the conservation of krill play a central role in maintaining the Antarctic marine ecosystem and therefore, was a key factor in the recovery of whale stocks.

serious concerns were raised about the effective management and sustainable use of marine living resources. These concerns were discussed in 1977 in the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting in London.

In February 1978, he made a series of international negotiations that resulted in the signing of the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) in May 1980 in Canberra. CCAMLR came into force in 1982.

Like other international agreements, CCAMLR does not impose regulations, but seeks to reach agreement then the members of the Convention have a duty to implement.

Unlike other multilateral fisheries conventions, CCAMLR is concerned not only regulate fishing, but is also dedicated to ecosystem conservation. This "ecosystem approach" that considers the whole Southern Ocean as a series of interconnected systems, is what distinguishes CCAMLR other multilateral fisheries conventions.

The Convention applies to all marine living resources (except for seals south of latitude 60 ° S and cetaceans in general) within an area bounded on the north by the Front Antarctic, ie conforms to the natural physical and biological boundary of Antarctica.

In this respect it differs from other Antarctic Treaty agreements, such as the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (CCAS) and the Protocol on Environmental Protection northern limits of which are in 60 ° S. The Convention Area is divided naturally into three statistical areas: Area 48 (Atlantic sector), Area 58 (Indian Ocean sector) and Area 88 (Pacific Ocean sector), which in turn are divided into subareas and divisions.

The legal and political situation of the zones within the Area of \u200b\u200bCCAMLR Convention depends on several considerations. According to the agreements that comprise the Antarctic Treaty System, the Convention does not prejudice the claims relating to Antarctic territories, but in practical terms CCAMLR has jurisdiction (ie the authority to implement conservation measures that are mandatory for members) all marine areas between the Antarctic continent and the parallel 60 ° S (ie, the northern limit established by the Treaty Antarctic). North of 60 ° S, several states retain sovereign rights over sub-Antarctic islands (France: Kerguelen and Crozet Islands, Norway: Bouvet Island, South Africa: Prince Edward Islands, and Australia: Heard Island and McDonald).

There is a sovereignty dispute between Britain and Argentina over the South Georgia and Sandwich South. Most of the areas under the mandate of conservation and management of CCAMLR are offshore. The United Nations Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions on Fish Stocks (UNIA) * ended in 1995, is responsible for regulating the operation at sea in the future.

As CCAMLR has an obligation to take measures to ensure the conservation of species, but are not the target species may be affected indirectly.

* 1995 Agreement for the UN to implement the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea related to the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory.
Today, CCAMLR is comprised of 23 members.

Its headquarters are located in Hobart (Tasmania, Australia).

Until recently, all nations fishing in the Convention Area were members of the Commission or acceded to the Convention, however, in recent times some countries not members of CCAMLR as Panama, Belize and Honduras, have started fishing (particularly longline) addressed to the cod depth.

This situation has become more difficult the task of management of fisheries in the Convention Area. Apart

CCAMLR, there are three other conventions governing the conservation and management of Antarctic resources:

• Annex II of the Protocol on Environmental Protection of the Environment: Conservation Flora and Fauna of Antarctica (known before 1991 as "Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Flora and Fauna of Antarctica");

• The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (CCAS)

• The International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW), which is not part of the Antarctic Treaty nor limited to the Southern Ocean.

Only recently has it been established that in addition to cetaceans, other resources such as the lantern, the Patagonian toothfish, squid, and albatross, massively crossing the northern boundary of the Convention Area.

Cetaceans, another group of important species in the ecological interactions Southern Ocean, are not included within the species managed by CCAMLR.

it is obvious that many important issues related to the management of Southern Ocean resources can only be considered in collaboration with the organizations responsible for management and conservation in areas adjacent to the CCAMLR boundaries or species not included in the Convention.

CCAMLR give priority to establishing closer links with these organizations in the future.

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Antarctic bird, ... ecosystem engineer

arid and semiarid environments are fragile ecosystems that deserve special attention and whose management is especially complicated.

As in many other environments, there are two major issues to consider: the conservation of soil and water. Are essential for the maintenance of biodiversity and productivity of ecosystems.

The vulnerability of the Mediterranean region to erosion and desertification can lead to rapid and severe destruction of the soil, which affects biodiversity and determining their productivity.

Therefore, in sensitive areas like the Mediterranean region, we must pursue policies of conservation and efficient management, which involves the monitoring and management of all aspects that characterize biodiversity.

However, given the difficulty of this task is proposed to focus attention on some key species whose evolution is related directly to the state of the ecosystem. Keystone species are those that are functionally related to the persistence of a set of relationships between other species in the ecosystem and play a role in the organization and functioning. In

literature has described such categories of key species, among which cites the "ecosystem engineers." Qualified agencies with this name create, modify or maintain habitats, causing changes in the physical state of the biotic or abiotic materials, directly or indirectly modulate the availability of resources for other species.

In a paper recently published by two scientists working in Austria and Spain (A.Casas-Crivillé and F. Valera: "The European bee-eater (Merops apiaster) as an engineer Ecosystem in Arid Environments" Journal of Arid Environments 2005, 60: 227-238) discusses the role of a bird, the European bee room, Merops apiaster as an engineer in arid ecosystems.

This bird migratory insectivorous, widely distributed in many environments but mainly inhabits arid and semiarid ecosystems, and also is one of the few species that have the ability to modify the habitat by digging burrows where breeding. This feature gives an erosive capacity and, at the same time promoting biodiversity, providing basic resources for other species.

work in House and James discusses the importance of this species in semiarid areas of southern Iberia evaluating the potential erosion, the effects of habitat modification from the perspective of biodiversity, and the role of species interactions in establishing that structure ecosystems.

The findings indicate the importance of the bird in the ecosystems studied. A couple of Merops apiaster removes at least about 13 kg of soil by digging her nest, which is very important for soil conservation.

have also been recorded more than 19 vertebrates that use the nests once the birds have abandoned them. Also, many species of invertebrates using essential in arid or semiarid.

For a species, the sparrow has found an increase in the population related to the availability of empty nests. In short, the study concludes that the high European bees act as an engineer in the arid and semiarid areas susceptible to influence. What remains to be demonstrated, however, is whether this species can act as key bioindicator health arid or semiarid.

Ecotropía

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Mexico in the conservation of ecosystems

Mexico has an extraordinary biodiversity at gene, species and landscapes, as in other parts of the world, it is threatened by the growth and development of the human population.

pressure on natural resources is increasing day by day and the effect on ecosystems is markedly manifested in the loss of species and the loss, fragmentation and degradation of habitats, landscapes and ecosystems. Daily

are cleared thousands of hectares in the world and hundreds of tons of trash and pollutants are discharged to water, soil and atmosphere.

In this scenario, wildlife without a suitable place to live, tend in most cases to disappear, to die, sometimes become pests or vectors of these or other diseases. For

Moreover, current technology allows the manipulation of genetic material and the production of organisms that had not existed naturally, but so far there is no adequate international law governing its production are unknown as are the ecological effects that this could lead .

The new century be presented as a challenge which we must learn to interact with nature in a different way as we've been doing, which involves the proper management of natural resources.

At this point, the generation of sound scientific knowledge that supports sustainable use of genes, species and ecosystems is crucial in making decisions that favor conservation of biodiversity.

We consider that it is environmentally friendly human development when it can conserve biodiversity through the continuity and integrity of natural ecological and evolutionary processes.

Hence it is considered that the best conservation strategy is one that is performed in situ and that the habitat is a key to species conservation.

In Mexico, knowledge and use of flora and fauna is ancient and has different uses: food, textiles, medicinal, religious, ornamental, and others.
We appreciate the markets in the country, in homes, in gardens, the stories and myths of peoples, biological diversity goes hand in hand with cultural diversity in each region.

this direction is the task of addressing the most pressing issues in relation to biodiversity conservation, proper management and its sustainable use.


Fortunately not undertake this task alone, environmental problems are already known, the causes are, in general, identified, are complex and involve many factors of historical, social, economic and scientific.

For several decades NGOs, universities and governments worldwide are fully engaged in the battle for conservation in its different aspects.

The task is not simple because it includes millions of human beings, customs, ways of thinking and representing the world sometimes in diametrically opposite or conflicting interests.